Study of blood – Hematology
Process of blood formation – Hemopoesis
pH of blood – 7.4
Blood is a pseudo connective tissue because –
1.Blood cells doesn’t divide
2.Blood’s matrix is fiber less
3.Matrix of blood is synthesized in liver and lymph organs.
Composition of Blood –
Liquid part (55%) – Plasma
Solid part (45%) – RBC, WBC, Platelets.
Whole volume of blood cells in whole blood is called PCV
(Packed Cell Volume). RBC’s total volume in blood is called HV (Hematocrit
Volume).
PCV is almost same to HV, because RBC is 99% of all blood cells.
Plasma –
Plasma is a straw colored, viscous fluid constituting nearly 55
percent of the blood. 90-92 percent of plasma is water and proteins contribute
6-8 percent of it. Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins are the major proteins.
Fibrinogens are needed for clotting or coagulation of blood. Globulins primarly
are involved in defense mechanisms of the body and the albumins help in osmotic
balance. Plasma also contains small amounts of minerals like Na+, Ca++,
Mg++, HCO3-, Cl-, etc. Glucose,
amino acids, lipids, etc., are also present in the plasma as they are always in
transit in the body. Factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are also
present in the plasma in an inactive form. Plasma without the clotting factors
is called serum.
Formed Elements –
1. RBC 2. WBC 3. Platelet
(thrombocytes)
1. RBC (Red Blood Cells) –
Most abundant of all the
cells in blood. Number 5 million to 5.5 million of RBCs mm-3 of
blood. Formed in the red bone marrow in the adults. Devoid of nucleus in most
of the mammals. Biconcave in shape. Iron containing complex protein called
hemoglobin present. A healthy individual has 12-16 gms of hemoglobin in every
100 ml of blood. Help in transport of gases. Average life span of 120 days
after which they are destroyed in the spleen – graveyard of RBCs.
2. WBC (White Blood Cells) – it can be divided in 2 types –
I. Agranulocytes II. Granulocytes
I. Agranulocytes – it is also divided in 2 types –
A. Monocytes – 6-8 percent. Monocytes are phagocytic cells
which destroy foreign organisms entering the body.
B. Lymphocytes – 20-25 percent. Lymphocytes are of two major
types – ‘B’ and ‘T’ forms. Both B and T lymphocytes are responsible for immune
responses of the body.
II. Granulocytes – it is divided in 3 types –
A. Neutrophils – Most abundant cells (60-65 percent) of the
total WBCs, phagocytic cells.
B. Basophils – Least (0.5-1 percent) of the total WBCs,
secrete histamine, serotonin, heparin.
C. Eosinophils – (2-3 percent) resist infections and are also
associated with allergic reactions.
3.Platelets
–
Cell fragments produced
from megakaryocytes – special cells in the bone marrow. No. 1,500,00-3,500,00
mm-3). Helps in blood clotting.
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